week8 (6)

上課筆記

-ful: full of, characterized by, able to
successful, shameful, thoughtful, helpful

number:
uni-: one
unicameral, unicellular, unicorn

mono-: one
monocular, monoplane, monorail

bi-: two
biannual, bimonthly, bicameral

tri-: three
triangle, triad, tricolor

dec(a)-: ten
Decalogue, decagram, decade

centi-: one hundred
centimeter, centigrade, centigerm

milli-: one thousand
millimeter, million, millibar



vocabulary
1.spare |spe(ə)r|
adjective
meaning: additional to what is required for ordinary use
origin: Old English spær‘not plentiful, meager,’ sparian‘refrain from injuring,’‘refrain from using,’ of Germanic origin; related to Dutch and Germansparen ‘to spare.’
example: few people had spare cash for inessentials.

2.strenuous |ˈstrenyo͞oəs|
adjective
meaning: requiring or using great exertion
origin: early 17th cent.: from Latin strenuus ‘brisk’ + -ous
example: all your muscles need more oxygen during strenuous exercise.

3.centenarian |ˌsentnˈe(ə)rēən|
noun
meaning: a person who is one hundred or more years old.

4.antioxidant |ˌantēˈäksidənt|
noun
meaning: a substance that inhibits oxidation, especially one used to counteract the deterioration of stored food products.

5.longevity |lônˈjevətē|
noun
meaning: long life
origin: early 17th cent.: from late Latin longaevitas, from Latin longus ‘long’ + aevum ‘age.’
example: the greater longevity of women compared with men.

6.curriculum |kəˈrikyələm|
noun (pl. curricula |-lə| )
meaning: the subjects comprising a course of study in a school or college.
origin: early 19th cent.: from Latin
derivative: curricular |-lər| adjective

7.defrost |diˈfrôst|
verb [ with obj. ]
meaning:  thaw (frozen food) before cooking it
example: defrost the turkey slowly.

8.exhort |igˈzôrt|
verb [ with obj. and infinitive ]
meaning: strongly encourage or urge (someone) to do something
origin: late Middle English: from Old French exhorter or Latin exhortari, from ex- ‘thoroughly’ + hortari ‘encourage.’
example:  the media have been exhorting people to turn out for the demonstration 

9.fossil |ˈfäsəl|
noun
meaning: the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock.
origin: mid 16th cent. (denoting a fossilized fish found, and believed to have lived, underground): from French fossile, from Latin fossilis ‘dug up,’ from fodere ‘dig.’

    example: they're excited that they found the fossil of dinosaur. 

10.scratch |skraCH|
verb
meaning: [ with obj. ] score or mark the surface of (something) with a sharp or pointed object
origin: late Middle English: probably a blend of the synonymous dialect words scratand cratch, both of uncertain origin; compare with Middle Low German kratsen and Old High German krazzōn .
example: the car's paintwork was battered and scratched

11.organic |ôrˈganik|
adjective
meaning: of, relating to, or derived from living matter 
origin: late Middle English: via Latin from Greek organikos ‘relating to an organ or instrument.’
example: organic soils.

12.overhaul |ˌōvərˈhôl|
verb
meaning: take apart (a piece of machinery or equipment) in order to examine it and repair it if necessary
origin: early 17th cent. (originally in nautical use in the sense ‘release (rope tackle) by slackening’): from over- +haul
example: a company that overhauls and repairs aircraft engines 

13.remodel |rēˈmädl|
verb
meaning: change the structure or form of (something, especially a building, policy, or procedure)
example: the station was remodeled and enlarged in 1927.

14.spacious |ˈspāSHəs|
adjective
meaning: (especially of a room or building) having ample space.
origin: late Middle English: from Old French spacios or Latin spatiosus, from spatium

15.stock |stäk|
noun
meaning: the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution
origin: Old English stoc(c)‘trunk, block of wood, post,’ of Germanic origin; related to Dutch stok and German Stock ‘stick.’ 
example: the store has a very low turnover of stock 

16.pesticide |ˈpestəˌsīd|
noun
meaning: a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.
example: he used pesticide to kill the bugs.

17.antibiotics |ˌantēbīˈätik |
noun
meaning: a medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.
origin: mid 19th cent. (in the sense ‘doubting the possibility of life in a particular environment’): from anti- + Greek biōtikos ‘fit for life’ (from bios ‘life’).

18.insulin |ˈinsələn|
noun
meaning: a hormone produced in the pancreas by the islets of Langerhans that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. The lack of insulin causes a form of diabetes.
origin: early 20th cent.: from Latin insula ‘island’ + -in

19.acre |ˈākər|
noun
meaning: a unit of land area equal to 4,840 square yards 
origin: Old English æcer(denoting the amount of land a yoke of oxen could plow in a day), of Germanic origin; related to Dutch akker and German Acker ‘field,’ from an Indo-European root shared by Sanskrit ajra ‘field,’Latin ager, and Greek agros 
example: a 15-acre estate.

    20.cite |sīt|
    verb [ with obj. ]

    meaning: quote (a passage, book, or author) as evidence for or justification of an argument or statement, especially in a scholarly work.

origin: from Old French citer, from Latin citare, from ciere, cire ‘to call.’
example: medics have been cited as a key example of a modern breed of technical expert.

21.consumption |kənˈsəm(p)SHən|
noun
meaning: the using up of a resource
origin: late Middle English: from Latin consumptio(n-), from the verb consumere 
example: industrialized countries should reduce their energy consumption. 

22.grain |grān|
noun
meaning: the seeds of cultivated cereals
origin: Middle English (originally in the sense ‘seed, grain of wheat’): from Old French grain, from Latin granum .
example:  grain exports.

23.reluctant |riˈləktənt|
adjective
meaning: unwilling and hesitant; disinclined: [ with infinitive ] 
origin: mid 17th cent. (in the sense ‘writhing, offering opposition’): from Latinreluctant- ‘struggling against,’ from the verb reluctari, from re- (expressing intensive force) + luctari ‘to struggle.’
example: she seemed reluctant to discuss the matter.

24.advocate |ˈadvəkit|
noun
meaning: a person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy
origin: Middle English: from Old French avocat, from Latin advocatus, past participle (used as a noun) of advocare ‘call (to one's aid),’ from ad- ‘to’ + vocare ‘to call.’
example: he was an untiring advocate of economic reform.

25.defensive |diˈfensiv| 
adjective
meaning: used or intended to defend or protect 
origin: late Middle English: from Old French défensif, -ive, from medieval Latindefensivus, from Latin defens- ‘warded off,’ from the verb defendere
example: troops in defensive positions.