week3 (2)

上課筆記

reverse: please turn to the reversed side
              reverse to the other side

-ant: contestant, attendant, participant, applicant, protestant(WASP)
-->Christian, Catholic


Etymology:

per-: through, across
perfect, perform, persist, perfusion

com-: together, with
complexity, complete, compose, complicate

-less: not having; without; free from
countless, charmless

-ship: indicating state or condition
relationship, friendship, fellowship, partnership

re-: back, again
refugee, repeat, reverse, review

ad-: toward, near, in addition to
adapt, adhere, adjust

ex-: out, out of, from
exceptional, expel, exclaim, exclude


vocabulary
1.acknowledge |akˈnälij|
verb
meaning: accept or admit the existence or truth of
origin: late 15th cent.: from the obsolete Middle English verb knowledge, influenced by obsolete acknow‘acknowledge, confess.’
example: the plight of the refugees was acknowledged by the authorities 

2.obtain |əbˈtān|
verb
meaning: get, acquire, or secure (something)
origin: late Middle English: from Old French obtenir, from Latin obtinere ‘obtain, gain.’
example: an opportunity to obtain advanced degrees. 

3.acquisitive |əˈkwizitiv|
adjective
meaning: excessively interested in acquiring money or material things.
origin: mid 19th cent.: from French acquisitif, -tive, from late Latin acquisitivus. from Latin acquisit- ‘acquired,’ from the verb acquirere

4.covetous |ˈkəvətəs|
adjective
meaning: having or showing a great desire to possess something, typically something belonging to someone else
origin: Middle English: from Old French coveitous, based on Latin cupiditas
example: she fingered the linen with covetous hands.

5.acquit |əˈkwit|
verb
meaning: (usu. be acquitted) free (someone) from a criminal charge by a verdict of not guilty
origin: Middle English (originally in the sense ‘pay a debt, discharge a liability’): from Old French acquiter, from medieval Latin acquitare ‘pay a debt,’ from ad- ‘to’ + quitare ‘set free.’
example: she was acquitted on all counts 

6.exonerate |igˈzänəˌrāt|
verb [ with obj. ]
meaning: (especially of an official body) absolve (someone) from blame for a fault or wrongdoing, especially after due consideration of the case
origin: late Middle English: from Latin exonerat- ‘freed from a burden,’from the verb exonerare, from ex- ‘from’ + onus, oner- ‘a burden.’
example: the court-martial exonerated me 

7.vindicate |ˈvindəˌkāt|
verb [ with obj. ]
meaning: clear (someone) of blame or suspicion
origin: mid 16th cent. (in the sense ‘deliver, rescue’): from Latin vindicat- ‘claimed, avenged,’ from the verb vindicare, from vindex, vindic- ‘claimant, avenger.’
example: hospital staff were vindicated by the inquest verdict.

8.acrid |ˈakrid|
adjective
meaning: having an irritatingly strong and unpleasant taste or smell
origin: early 18th cent.: formed irregularly from Latin acer, acri- ‘sharp, pungent’ + -id, probably influenced by acid.
example: acrid fumes.

9.acrimony |ˈakrəˌmōnē|
noun
meaning: bitterness or ill feeling
origin: mid 16th cent. (in the sense ‘bitter taste or smell’): from Frenchacrimonie or Latin acrimonia, from acer, acri- ‘pungent, acrid.’
example: a quagmire of lawsuits, acrimony, and finger-pointing.

10.acrimonious |ˌakrəˈmōnēəs|
adjective
meaning: (typically of speech or a debate) angry and bitter
origin: early 17th cent. (in the sense ‘bitter, pungent’)
example: an acrimonious dispute about wages.

11.substitute |ˈsəbstiˌt(y)o͞ot|
noun
meaning: a person or thing acting or serving in place of another
origin: late Middle English (denoting a deputy or delegate): from Latinsubstitutus ‘put in place of,’ past participle of substituere, based on statuere ‘set up.’
example: soy milk is used as a substitute for dairy milk.

12.trenchant|ˈtrenCHənt|
adjective
meaning: vigorous or incisive in expression or style
origin:  from Old French, literally ‘cutting,’present participle of trenchier
example: she heard angry voices, not loud, yet certainly trenchant.

13.subject |səbˈjekt| 
verb
meaning: (subject someone/something to) cause or force to undergo (a particular experience of form of treatment)
origin: Middle English (in the sense ‘(person) owing obedience’): from Old French suget, from Latin subjectus ‘brought under,’ past participle of subicere, from sub- ‘under’ + jacere ‘throw.’ Senses relating to philosophy, logic, and grammar are derived ultimately from Aristotle's use of to hupokeimenon meaning ‘material from which things are made’ and ‘subject of attributes and predicates.’
example: he'd subjected her to a terrifying ordeal.

14.susceptible |səˈseptəbəl|
adjective
meaning: likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing
origin: early 17th cent.: from late Latin susceptibilis, from Latinsuscipere ‘take up, sustain,’ from sub- ‘from below’ + capere ‘take.’
example: patients with liver disease may be susceptible to infection.

15.infect |inˈfekt|
verb [ with obj. ]
meaning: affect (a person, organism, cell, etc.) with a disease-causing organism
origin: late Middle English: from Latin infect- ‘tainted,’ from the verb inficere, from in- ‘into’ + facere ‘put, do.’
example: there is no evidence that the virus can infect humans. 

16.tutor |ˈt(y)o͞otər|
noun
meaning: a private teacher, typically one who teaches a single student or a very small group.
origin: late Middle English: from Old French tutour or Latin tutor, from tueri ‘to watch, guard.’

17.distant |ˈdistənt|
adjective
meaning: (of a person) not intimate; cool or reserved 
origin: late Middle English: from Latin distant- ‘standing apart,’ from the verb distare, from dis- ‘apart’ + stare ‘stand.’ 
example: his children found him strangely distant 

18.acoustic |əˈko͞ostik|
adjective 
meaning: relating to sound or the sense of hearing 
origin: mid 17th cent.: from Greek akoustikos, from akouein ‘hear.’
example: dogs have a much greater acoustic range than humans.

19.beam |bēm|
verb
meaning: (of a light or light source) shine brightly 
origin: Old English bēam‘tree, beam’; related to Dutch boom and German Baum .
example: the sun's rays beamed down.

    20.deafening |ˈdefəniNG|
    adjective

    meaning: (of a noise) so loud as to make it impossible to hear anything else

example: the music reached a deafening crescendo. 

21.pitch |piCH|
noun
meaning: the quality of a sound governed by the rate of vibrations producing it; the degree of highness or lowness of a tone
origin: Middle English (as a verb in the senses ‘thrust (something pointed) into the ground’ and ‘fall headlong’): perhaps related to Old English picung‘stigmata,’ of unknown ultimate origin. The sense development is obscure.
example: a car engine seems to change pitch downward as the vehicle passes you.

22.lethal |ˈlēTHəl|
adjective
meaning: sufficient to cause death
origin: late 16th cent. (in the sense ‘causing spiritual death’): from Latin lethalis, from lethum, a variant (influenced by Greek lēthē ‘forgetfulness’) of letum ‘death.’
example: a lethal cocktail of alcohol and pills.

23.clamor |ˈklamər| 
noun
meaning: a loud and confused noise, especially that of people shouting vehemently
origin: late Middle English: via Old French from Latin clamor, from clamare ‘cry out.’
example: the questions rose to a clamor.

24.drudgery |drəb|
verb
meaning: defeat thoroughly in a match or contest
origin: early 17th cent.: probably from Arabic ḍaraba ‘to beat, bastinado.’ The first recorded uses in English are by travelers in the Near East referring specifically to the punishment of bastinado.
example: Cleveland drubbed Baltimore 9–0.

25.supplant |səˈplant|
verb
meaning: supersede and replace
origin: Middle English: from Old French supplanter or Latinsupplantare ‘trip up,’ from sub- ‘from below’ + planta ‘sole.’ 
example: another discovery could supplant the original finding.

week2 (1)

上課筆記

adj. --> lovely, friendly

en: encourage, enlarge, deepen, strengthen
-ant: contestant, attendant, participant, applicant, protestant (WASP) -->Christian, Catholic

hypothesis, hypodermic <--> hyperactive



Etymology:

dom-, dorm-: house, sleep
domestic, dormitory, dominate, domesticate

arch-: chief, ancient
architect, archaic, archaeology, archipelago

multi-: many, much
multiple, multitude, multifold, multinational

con-: together, with
conventional, conceal, concurrent, concede

pro-: forth, forward, ahead, 
profile, propagate, propel

com-: together, with
combine, communicate, compose, complex


vocabulary
1.abash |əˈbaSH|
verb [ with obj. ]
meaning: cause to feel embarrassed, disconcerted, or ashamed
origin: Middle English: from Anglo-Norman French abaïss-; compare with Old French esbaïss-, lengthened stem of esbaïr, from es- ‘utterly’ + baïr ‘astound.’
example: she was not abashed at being caught.

2.abate |əˈbāt|
verb [ no obj. ]
meaning: (of something perceived as hostile, threatening, or negative) become less intense or widespread
origin: Middle English (in the legal sense ‘put a stop to (a nuisance)’): from Old French abatre ‘to fell,’ from a- (from Latin ad ‘to, at’) + batre ‘to beat’ (from Latin battere, battuere ‘to beat’).
example: the storm suddenly abated.

3.dwindle |ˈdwindl|
verb [ no obj. ]
meaning: diminish gradually in size, amount, or strength
origin: late 16th cent.: frequentative of Scots and dialect dwine ‘fade away,’from Old English dwīnan, of Germanic origin; related to Middle Dutch dwīnen and Old Norse dvína .
example: traffic has dwindled to a trickle

4.abdicate |ˈabdiˌkāt|
verb
meaning: fail to fulfill or undertake (a responsibility or duty)
origin: mid 16th cent.: from Latin abdicat- ‘renounced,’ from the verb abdicare, from ab- ‘away, from’ + dicare ‘declare.’
example: the government was accused of abdicating its responsibility

5.loathe |lōT͟H|
verb [ with obj. ]
meaning: feel intense dislike or disgust for
origin: Old English lāthian, of Germanic origin
example: she loathed him on sight.

6.adhere |adˈhi(ə)r|
verb [ no obj. ] (adhere to)
meaning: stick fast to (a surface or substance)
origin: late 15th cent.: from Latin adhaerere, from ad- ‘to’ + haerere ‘to stick.’
example: paint won't adhere well to a greasy surface.

7.annul |əˈnəl|
verb
meaning: declare invalid (an official agreement, decision, or result) 
origin: late Middle English: from Old French anuller, from late Latin annullare, from ad- ‘to’ + nullum ‘nothing.’
example: the elections were annulled by the general amid renewed protests.

8.terminate |ˈtərməˌnāt|
verb
meaning: bring to an end
origin: late 16th cent. (in the sense ‘direct an action toward a specified end’): from Latin terminat- ‘limited, ended,’ from the verb terminare, from terminus ‘end, boundary.’
example: he was advised to terminate the contract. 

9.abortive |əˈbôrtiv|
adjective
meaning: failing to produce the intended result
origin: Middle English (as a noun denoting a stillborn child or animal): via Old French from Latin abortivus, from aboriri ‘miscarry’ 
example: an abortive attempt to overthrow the government.

10.condense|kənˈdens|
verb
meaning: make (something) denser or more concentrated
origin: late Middle English: from Old French condenser or Latin condensare, from condensus ‘very thick,’ from con- ‘completely’ + densus ‘dense.’ 
example: the limestones of the Jurassic age are condensed into a mere 11 feet. 
11.sheer |SHi(ə)r|
adjective
meaning: [ attrib. ] nothing other than; unmitigated (used for emphasis)
origin: Middle English (in the sense ‘exempt, cleared’): probably an alteration of dialect shire‘pure, clear,’ from the Germanic base of the verb shine
example: she giggled with sheer delight 

12.emancipate |iˈmansəˌpāt|
verb [ with obj. ]
meaning: set free, especially from legal, social, or political restrictions
origin: early 17th cent.: from Latin emancipat- ‘transferred as property,’ from the verb emancipare, from e- (variant of ex-)‘out’ + mancipium ‘slave.’
example: the citizen must be emancipated from the obsessive secrecy of government.

13.allure |əˈlo͝or|
noun
meaning: the quality of being powerfully and mysteriously attractive or fascinating 
origin: late Middle English (in the sense ‘tempt, entice’): from Old French aleurier ‘attract,’ from a- (from Latin ad ‘to’) + luere ‘a lure’ (originally a falconry term). 
example: people for whom gold holds no allure.

14.enchanting|enˈCHantiNG|
adjective
meaning: delightfully charming or attractive
origin: late Middle English (in the senses ‘put under a spell’ and ‘delude’; formerly also as inchant): from French enchanter, from Latin incantare, from in- ‘in’ + cantare ‘sing.’
example: Dinah looked enchanting.

15.abstain |abˈstān|
verb [ no obj. ]
meaning: restrain oneself from doing or enjoying something
origin: late Middle English: from Old French abstenir, from Latin abstinere, from ab- ‘from’ + tenere ‘hold.’
example: abstaining from chocolate.

16.conceptual |kənˈsepCHo͞oəl|
adjective
meaning: of, relating to, or based on mental concepts
origin:mid 17th cent.: from medieval Latin conceptualis, from Latinconcept- ‘conceived,’ from the verb concipere 
example: philosophy deals with conceptual difficulties.

17.profound |prəˈfound|
adjective
meaning: (of a state, quality, or emotion) very great or intense
origin: Middle English: from Old French profund, from Latin profundus ‘deep,’ from pro ‘before’ + fundus ‘bottom.’ The word was used earliest in the sense ‘showing deep insight.’
example: profound social changes 

18.abstruse |abˈstro͞os|
adjective
meaning: difficult to understand; obscure
origin: late 16th cent.: from Latin abstrusus ‘put away, hidden,’ from abstrudere ‘conceal,’ from ab- ‘from’ + trudere ‘to push.’
example: an abstruse philosophical inquiry.

19.collegiate |kəˈlējət|
adjective
meaning: belonging or relating to a college or its students 
origin: late Middle English: from late Latin collegiatus, from collegium ‘partnership, association’
example: collegiate life. 

    20.expedite |ˈekspəˌdīt|
    verb [ with obj. ]

    meaning: make (an action or process) happen sooner or be accomplished more quickly

origin: late 15th cent. (in the sense ‘perform quickly’): from Latinexpedire ‘extricate (originally by freeing the feet), put in order,’ from ex- ‘out’ + pes, ped- ‘foot.’
example: he promised to expedite economic reforms.

21.accomplice |əˈkämplis|
noun
meaning: a person who helps another commit a crime.
example: mid 16th cent.: alteration of Middle English complice‘an associate,’ via Old French from late Latin complex, complic- ‘allied,’ from com- ‘together’ + the root of plicare ‘to fold.’

22.address |ˈaˌdres|
verb
meaning: speak to (a person or an assembly), typically in a formal way
origin: Middle English (as a verb in the senses ‘set upright’ and ‘guide, direct,’ hence ‘write directions for delivery on’ and ‘direct spoken words to’): from Old French, based on Latin ad- ‘toward’ + directus. The noun is of mid 16th-cent. origin in the sense ‘act of approaching or speaking to someone.’
example: she addressed an audience of the most important Shawnee chiefs 

23.account |əˈkount|
verb
meaning: consider or regard in a specified way 
origin: Middle English (in the sense ‘counting,’‘to count’): from Old French acont (noun), aconter (verb), based on conter ‘to count.’
example: her visit could not be accounted a success 

24.conventional |kənˈvenCHənl|
adjective
meaning: based on or in accordance with what is generally done or believed
origin: late 15th cent. (in the sense ‘relating to a formal agreement or convention’): from French conventionnel or late Latin conventionalis, from Latin conventio(n-) ‘meeting, covenant,’ from the verb convenire
example: a conventional morality had dictated behavior.

25.tart |tärt|
adjective
meaning: sharp or acid in taste
origin: Old English teart‘harsh, severe,’ of unknown origin.
example: a tart apple.