week3 (2)

上課筆記

reverse: please turn to the reversed side
              reverse to the other side

-ant: contestant, attendant, participant, applicant, protestant(WASP)
-->Christian, Catholic


Etymology:

per-: through, across
perfect, perform, persist, perfusion

com-: together, with
complexity, complete, compose, complicate

-less: not having; without; free from
countless, charmless

-ship: indicating state or condition
relationship, friendship, fellowship, partnership

re-: back, again
refugee, repeat, reverse, review

ad-: toward, near, in addition to
adapt, adhere, adjust

ex-: out, out of, from
exceptional, expel, exclaim, exclude


vocabulary
1.acknowledge |akˈnälij|
verb
meaning: accept or admit the existence or truth of
origin: late 15th cent.: from the obsolete Middle English verb knowledge, influenced by obsolete acknow‘acknowledge, confess.’
example: the plight of the refugees was acknowledged by the authorities 

2.obtain |əbˈtān|
verb
meaning: get, acquire, or secure (something)
origin: late Middle English: from Old French obtenir, from Latin obtinere ‘obtain, gain.’
example: an opportunity to obtain advanced degrees. 

3.acquisitive |əˈkwizitiv|
adjective
meaning: excessively interested in acquiring money or material things.
origin: mid 19th cent.: from French acquisitif, -tive, from late Latin acquisitivus. from Latin acquisit- ‘acquired,’ from the verb acquirere

4.covetous |ˈkəvətəs|
adjective
meaning: having or showing a great desire to possess something, typically something belonging to someone else
origin: Middle English: from Old French coveitous, based on Latin cupiditas
example: she fingered the linen with covetous hands.

5.acquit |əˈkwit|
verb
meaning: (usu. be acquitted) free (someone) from a criminal charge by a verdict of not guilty
origin: Middle English (originally in the sense ‘pay a debt, discharge a liability’): from Old French acquiter, from medieval Latin acquitare ‘pay a debt,’ from ad- ‘to’ + quitare ‘set free.’
example: she was acquitted on all counts 

6.exonerate |igˈzänəˌrāt|
verb [ with obj. ]
meaning: (especially of an official body) absolve (someone) from blame for a fault or wrongdoing, especially after due consideration of the case
origin: late Middle English: from Latin exonerat- ‘freed from a burden,’from the verb exonerare, from ex- ‘from’ + onus, oner- ‘a burden.’
example: the court-martial exonerated me 

7.vindicate |ˈvindəˌkāt|
verb [ with obj. ]
meaning: clear (someone) of blame or suspicion
origin: mid 16th cent. (in the sense ‘deliver, rescue’): from Latin vindicat- ‘claimed, avenged,’ from the verb vindicare, from vindex, vindic- ‘claimant, avenger.’
example: hospital staff were vindicated by the inquest verdict.

8.acrid |ˈakrid|
adjective
meaning: having an irritatingly strong and unpleasant taste or smell
origin: early 18th cent.: formed irregularly from Latin acer, acri- ‘sharp, pungent’ + -id, probably influenced by acid.
example: acrid fumes.

9.acrimony |ˈakrəˌmōnē|
noun
meaning: bitterness or ill feeling
origin: mid 16th cent. (in the sense ‘bitter taste or smell’): from Frenchacrimonie or Latin acrimonia, from acer, acri- ‘pungent, acrid.’
example: a quagmire of lawsuits, acrimony, and finger-pointing.

10.acrimonious |ˌakrəˈmōnēəs|
adjective
meaning: (typically of speech or a debate) angry and bitter
origin: early 17th cent. (in the sense ‘bitter, pungent’)
example: an acrimonious dispute about wages.

11.substitute |ˈsəbstiˌt(y)o͞ot|
noun
meaning: a person or thing acting or serving in place of another
origin: late Middle English (denoting a deputy or delegate): from Latinsubstitutus ‘put in place of,’ past participle of substituere, based on statuere ‘set up.’
example: soy milk is used as a substitute for dairy milk.

12.trenchant|ˈtrenCHənt|
adjective
meaning: vigorous or incisive in expression or style
origin:  from Old French, literally ‘cutting,’present participle of trenchier
example: she heard angry voices, not loud, yet certainly trenchant.

13.subject |səbˈjekt| 
verb
meaning: (subject someone/something to) cause or force to undergo (a particular experience of form of treatment)
origin: Middle English (in the sense ‘(person) owing obedience’): from Old French suget, from Latin subjectus ‘brought under,’ past participle of subicere, from sub- ‘under’ + jacere ‘throw.’ Senses relating to philosophy, logic, and grammar are derived ultimately from Aristotle's use of to hupokeimenon meaning ‘material from which things are made’ and ‘subject of attributes and predicates.’
example: he'd subjected her to a terrifying ordeal.

14.susceptible |səˈseptəbəl|
adjective
meaning: likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing
origin: early 17th cent.: from late Latin susceptibilis, from Latinsuscipere ‘take up, sustain,’ from sub- ‘from below’ + capere ‘take.’
example: patients with liver disease may be susceptible to infection.

15.infect |inˈfekt|
verb [ with obj. ]
meaning: affect (a person, organism, cell, etc.) with a disease-causing organism
origin: late Middle English: from Latin infect- ‘tainted,’ from the verb inficere, from in- ‘into’ + facere ‘put, do.’
example: there is no evidence that the virus can infect humans. 

16.tutor |ˈt(y)o͞otər|
noun
meaning: a private teacher, typically one who teaches a single student or a very small group.
origin: late Middle English: from Old French tutour or Latin tutor, from tueri ‘to watch, guard.’

17.distant |ˈdistənt|
adjective
meaning: (of a person) not intimate; cool or reserved 
origin: late Middle English: from Latin distant- ‘standing apart,’ from the verb distare, from dis- ‘apart’ + stare ‘stand.’ 
example: his children found him strangely distant 

18.acoustic |əˈko͞ostik|
adjective 
meaning: relating to sound or the sense of hearing 
origin: mid 17th cent.: from Greek akoustikos, from akouein ‘hear.’
example: dogs have a much greater acoustic range than humans.

19.beam |bēm|
verb
meaning: (of a light or light source) shine brightly 
origin: Old English bēam‘tree, beam’; related to Dutch boom and German Baum .
example: the sun's rays beamed down.

    20.deafening |ˈdefəniNG|
    adjective

    meaning: (of a noise) so loud as to make it impossible to hear anything else

example: the music reached a deafening crescendo. 

21.pitch |piCH|
noun
meaning: the quality of a sound governed by the rate of vibrations producing it; the degree of highness or lowness of a tone
origin: Middle English (as a verb in the senses ‘thrust (something pointed) into the ground’ and ‘fall headlong’): perhaps related to Old English picung‘stigmata,’ of unknown ultimate origin. The sense development is obscure.
example: a car engine seems to change pitch downward as the vehicle passes you.

22.lethal |ˈlēTHəl|
adjective
meaning: sufficient to cause death
origin: late 16th cent. (in the sense ‘causing spiritual death’): from Latin lethalis, from lethum, a variant (influenced by Greek lēthē ‘forgetfulness’) of letum ‘death.’
example: a lethal cocktail of alcohol and pills.

23.clamor |ˈklamər| 
noun
meaning: a loud and confused noise, especially that of people shouting vehemently
origin: late Middle English: via Old French from Latin clamor, from clamare ‘cry out.’
example: the questions rose to a clamor.

24.drudgery |drəb|
verb
meaning: defeat thoroughly in a match or contest
origin: early 17th cent.: probably from Arabic ḍaraba ‘to beat, bastinado.’ The first recorded uses in English are by travelers in the Near East referring specifically to the punishment of bastinado.
example: Cleveland drubbed Baltimore 9–0.

25.supplant |səˈplant|
verb
meaning: supersede and replace
origin: Middle English: from Old French supplanter or Latinsupplantare ‘trip up,’ from sub- ‘from below’ + planta ‘sole.’ 
example: another discovery could supplant the original finding.