12/26

上課內容：

change: fundamental but not precise
alter: alternative, alteration, alternating, current
rotate: rotation
shift: automobile
switch: verb and noun, on and off

Etymology:
pre-: before
predictor, prepare, prevent, precede

-firm: strong
confirm, affirm, infirm

in-: not, in
involve, inaction, indoor, inappropriate

ob-: toward, against, in the way
obsession, obtain, object, obstacle

mini-: small, less
minimize, minimum, miniature, diminish

vers-: turn, change
adversity, reverse, universe, conversation



vocabulary
12/26
1.extraordinary|ikˈstrôrdnˌerē|
adjective
meaning: very unusual or remarkable
derivatives:
extraordinarily |-ˌerəlē| adverb [ as submodifier ] : an extraordinarily beautiful girl.
extraordinariness noun
origin: late Middle English: from Latin extraordinarius, from extra ordinem ‘outside the normal course of events.’
example: it is extraordinary that no consultation took place.

2.hyperactive |ˌhīpərˈaktiv|
adjective
meaning: abnormally or extremely active
derivatives:
hyperactivity |-ˌakˈtivitē| noun
example: a hyperactive pituitary gland.

3.livelihood|ˈlīvlēˌho͝od|
noun
meaning: a means of securing the necessities of life
origin:  Old English līflād‘way of life,’ from līf‘life’ + lād ‘course’. The change in the word's form in the 16th cent. was due to association with lively and -hood
example: people whose livelihoods depend on the rain forest.

4.repetitive |riˈpetətiv|
adjective
meaning: containing or characterized by repetition, esp. when unnecessary or tiresome
derivatives:
repetitively adverbrepetitiveness noun
example: a repetitive task.

5.trace|trās|
verb [ with obj. ]
meaning: find or discover by investigation
derivatives:
traceability |ˌtrāsəˈbilitē| nountraceable adjectivetraceless adjective
origin:  Middle English (first recorded as a noun in the sense ‘path that someone or something takes’): from Old French trace (noun), tracier(verb), based on Latin tractus
example: police are trying to trace a white van seen in the area.

12/29
1.savant |saˈvänt |
noun
meaning: a learned person, esp. a distinguished scientist.
origin: early 18th cent.: French, literally ‘knowing (person),’ present participle (used as a noun) of savoir .

2.tangible|ˈtanjəbəl|
adjective
meaning: clear and definite; real
derivatives:
tangibility |ˌtanjəˈbilitē| nountangibleness nountangibly |-blē| adverb
origin: late 16th cent.: from French, or from late Latin tangibilis, fromtangere ‘to touch.’
example: the emphasis is now on tangible results.

3.verandas |vəˈrandə| 
noun
meaning: a roofed platform along the outside of a house, level with the ground floor.
example: early 18th cent.: from Hindi varaṇḍā, from Portuguese varanda‘railing, balustrade.’

4.tentative|ˈtentətiv|
adjective
meaning: not certain or fixed; provisional
origin: late 16th cent.: from medieval Latin tentativus, from tentare, variant of temptare ‘handle, try.’
example: a tentative conclusion.

5.turbulent|ˈtərbyələnt|
adjective
meaning: characterized by conflict, disorder, or confusion; not controlled or calm
origin: late Middle English: from Latin turbulentus ‘full of commotion,’from turba ‘crowd.’ 
example: her turbulent emotions.

12/30
1.sedative |ˈsedətiv|
adjective
meaning: promoting calm or inducing sleep
origin: late Middle English: from Old French sedatif or medieval Latinsedativus, from Latin sedat- ‘settled,’ from the verb sedare
example: the seeds have a sedative effect.

2.cynical |ˈsinikəl|
adjective
meaning: believing that people are motivated by self-interest; distrustful of human sincerity or integrity
example: her cynical attitude.

3.feeble|ˈfēbəl|
adjective
meaning: lacking physical strength, esp. as a result of age or illness
origin: Middle English: from Old French fieble, earlier fleible, from Latinflebilis ‘lamentable,’ from flere ‘weep.’
example: my legs are very feeble after the flu.

4.absent |ˈabsənt|
adjective 
meaning: not present in a place, at an occasion, or as part of something
origin:  Middle English: via Old French from Latin absens, absent- ‘being absent,’ present participle of abesse, from ab- ‘from, away’ + esse ‘to be.’
example: most students were absent from school at least once 

5.ethereal|iˈTHi(ə)rēəl|
adjective
meaning: extremely delicate and light in a way that seems too perfect for this world
origin:  early 16th cent.: via Latin from Greek aitherios (from aithēr‘ether’) + -al
example: her ethereal beauty

12/31
1.defiant|diˈfīənt|
adjective
meaning: showing defiance
origin: late 16th cent.: from French défiant or directly from defiance.
example: she was in a defiant mood.

2.scorn |skôrn|
noun
meaning: the feeling or belief that someone or something is worthless or despicable; contempt
origin: Middle English: shortening of Old French escarn (noun), escharnir(verb), of Germanic origin.
example: I do not wish to become the object of scorn 

3.sophisticate |səˈfistəˌkāt| 
verb
meaning: make (someone or something) more sophisticated
origin: late Middle English (as an adjective in the sense ‘adulterated,’ andas a verb in the sense ‘mix with a foreign substance’): from medieval Latinsophisticatus ‘tampered with,’ past participle of the verb sophisticare, from sophisticus ‘sophistic.’ The shift of sense probably occurred first in the adjective unsophisticated, from ‘uncorrupted’ via ‘innocent’ to‘inexperienced, uncultured.’ 
example: readers who have been sophisticated by modern literary practice 

4.instant|ˈinstənt|
adjective
meaning: happening or coming immediately
origin: Old French from Latin instant-‘being at hand,’ from the verb instare, from in- ‘in, at’ + stare ‘to stand.’
example: the offense justified instant dismissal.

5.cease |sēs|
verb [ no obj. ]
meaning: bring or come to an end
origin:  Middle English: from Old French cesser, from Latin cessare ‘stop,’from cedere ‘to yield.’
example: the hostilities had ceased and normal life was resumed 

1/1
1.compel|kəmˈpel|
verb
meaning: force or oblige (someone) to do something
origin: late Middle English: from Latin compellere, from com- ‘together’+ pellere ‘drive.’
example: a sense of duty compelled Harry to answer her questions.

2.insincere |ˌinsinˈsi(ə)r|
adjective
meaning:not expressing genuine feelings
derivatives:
insincerely adverbinsincerity |-ˈseritē| noun
origin: mid 17th cent.: from Latin insincerus, from in- ‘not’ + sincerus‘sincere.’
example: she flashed him an insincere smile.

3.contributory |kənˈtribyəˌtôrē|
adjective
meaning: playing a part in bringing something about
origin: late Middle English (in the sense ‘contributing to a fund’): from medieval Latin contributorius, from Latin contribut- ‘added’
example: smoking may be a contributory cause of lung cancer.

4.smirk|smərk|
verb 
meaning: smile in an irritatingly smug, conceited, or silly way
origin: Old English sme(a)rcian, from a base shared by smile. The early sensewas ‘to smile’; it later gained a notion of smugness or silliness.
example: he smirked in triumph.

5.assert|əˈsərt|
verb
meaning:state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully
origin: early 17th cent.: from Latin asserere ‘claim, affirm,’ from ad- ‘to’+ serere ‘to join.’
example: the company asserts that the cuts will not affect development